1. Whitburn LY, Jones LE, Davey MA, McDonald S. The nature of labour pain: An updated review of the literature. Women Birth. 2019 Feb;32(1):28-38.
2. Chaillet N, Belaid L, Crochetière C, Roy L, Gagné GP, Moutquin JM, et al. Nonpharmacologic approaches for pain management during labor compared with usual care: a meta-analysis. Birth. 2014 Jun;41(2):122-37
3. Aram S, Allame Z, Zamani M, Yadegar N. The relative frequency of the delivery method in the pregnant women referring to medical centers of Isfahan in 2002. IJOGI. 2002;8(4): 74–79.
4. Lowdermilk P.B. Materinty of women’s health care 11th ed. St Louis:Mosby;2016 11th ed.
5. Kaviani M, Gholami Z, Azima S, Abbasnia K, Rajaifard A. The Comparison of Superficial and Vibration Massages on Backache during Labor in Primiparous Women. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2011;14:45–50.
6. Lowe N. The nature of labor pain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S16-24.
7. Ricci, S. Essentials of Maternity, Newborn, and Women’s Health Nursing 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins;2014. h 348
8. Abdul-Sattar Khudhur Ali S, Mirkhan Ahmed H. Effect of Change in Position and Back Massage on Pain Perception during First Stage of Labor. Pain Manag Nurs. 2018;19(3):288-294.
9. Janssen P, Shroff F, Jaspar P. Massage Therapy and Labor Outcomes: a Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork. 2012;5(4):15-20.
10. Unalmis Erdogan S, Yanikkerem E, Goker A. Effects of low back massage on perceived birth pain and satisfaction. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2017;28:169-175.
11. Ranjbaran M, Khorsandi M, Matourypour P, Shamsi M. Effect of Massage Therapy on Labor Pain Reduction in Primiparous Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2017;22(4):257-261.
12. Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT, Dahlen HG, Ee CC, Suganuma M. Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3.
13. Hishikawa K, Kusaka T, Fukuda T, et al. Anxiety or Nervousness Disturbs the Progress of Birth Based on Human Behavioral Evolutionary Biology. J Perinat Educ. 2019;28(4):218-223.
14. Michel SC, Rake A, Treiber K, Seifert B, Chaoui R, Huch R, et al. MR obstetric pelvimetry: effect of birthing position on pelvic bony dimensions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(4):1063-7.
15. Declercq ER, Sakala C, Corry MP, Applebaum S, Herrlich A. Major Survey Findings of Listening to MothersSM III: Pregnancy and Birth: Report of the Third National U.S. Survey of Women’s Childbearing Experiences. The Journal of Perinatal Education. 2014;23(1):9-16.
16. Adachi K, Shimada M, Usui A. The relationship between the parturient's positions and perceptions of labor pain intensity. Nurs Res. 2003;52(1):47-51.
17. Simkin PP, O'hara M. Nonpharmacologic relief of pain during labor: systematic reviews of five methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5 Suppl Nature):S131-59.
18. Lawrence A, Lewis L, Hofmeyr GJ, Styles C. Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10).
19. Gupta JK, Sood A, Hofmeyr GJ, Vogel JP. Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5
20. Kibuka M, Thornton JG. Position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2
21. Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT, Crowther CA. Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011
22. Kamalifard M, Shahnazi M, Sayyah Melli M, Allahverdizadeh S, Toraby S, Ghahvechi A. The Efficacy of Massage Therapy and Breathing Techniques on Pain Intensity and Physiological Responses to Labor Pain. Journal of Caring Sciences. 2012;1(2):73-78.
23. Ganji Z, Shirvani MA, Rezaei-Abhari F, Danesh M. The effect of intermittent local heat and cold on labor pain and child birth outcome. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2013;18(4):298-303.
24. Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT, Armour M, Dahlen HG, Suganuma M, et al. Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3
25. Leung RW, Li JF, Leung MK, Fung BK, Fung LC, Tai SM, et al. Efficacy of birth ball exercises on labour pain management. Hong Kong Med J. 2013;19(5):393-9.
26. Gau ML, Chang CY, Tian SH, Lin KC. Effects of birth ball exercise on pain and self-efficacy during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial in Taiwan. Midwifery. 2011;27(6):e293-300.
27. Taavoni S, Abdolahian S, Haghani H, Neysani L. Effect of birth ball usage on pain in the active phase of labor: a randomized controlled trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2011;56(2):137-40.
28. Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA, Levett KM. Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7).
29. Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA. Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7).
30. Luo T, Huang M, Xia H, Zeng Y. Aromatherapy for laboring women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Open Journal of Nursing. 2014;4:163.
31. Newham JJ, Wittkowski A, Hurley J, Aplin JD, Westwood M. Effects of antenatal yoga on maternal anxiety and depression: a randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2014; 31:631.
32. Madden K, Middleton P, Cyna AM, Matthewson M, Jones L. Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11.
Santana LS, Gallo RB, Ferreira CH, Duarte G, Quintana SM, Marcolin AC. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces pain and postpones the need for pharmacological analgesia during labour: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2016;62:29