1. Jastifer JR, Martin KD. Hammertoes: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Comprehensive Treatment Strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2025 Apr 10;33(16):e919-e927. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-25-00025.
2. Mens MA, Stufkens SAS, Busch-Westbroek T, et al. Defining and Evaluating Claw Toe and Hammertoe Deformity: A Scoping Review and Questionnaire Study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2025 Sep-Oct;115(5):23-224. doi: 10.7547/23-224.
3. DeOrio JK. Claw toe. Medscape. 2023. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1232559-overview
4. Watson A. Hammertoe Deformity. Medscape. 2023. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1235341-overview
7. Goransso M, Constant D. Hammertoe. StatPearls Publishing. 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/
9. Bus SA, Maas M, Michels RP, Levi M. Role of intrinsic muscle atrophy in the etiology of claw toe deformity in diabetic neuropathy may not be as straightforward as widely believed. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1063
10. Şaylı U, Altunok EÇ, Güven M, Akman B, Biros J, Şaylı A. Prevalence estimation and familial tendency of common forefoot deformities in Turkey: A survey of 2662 adults. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018;52(3):167–73
11. Fajriyah NN. Study Deskriptif Deteksi Dini Kaki Diabetisi Di Puskesmas Kabupaten Pekalongan. Urecol. 2018;699–709