- Pendahuluan
- Patofisiologi
- Etiologi
- Epidemiologi
- Diagnosis
- Penatalaksanaan
- Prognosis
- Edukasi dan Promosi Kesehatan
Diagnosis Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Pendekatan diagnosis arteriovenous malformation (AVM) atau malformasi arteriovenosa dimulai dari evaluasi klinis berdasarkan gejala seperti perdarahan intrakranial, kejang, defisit neurologis fokal, atau nyeri lokal. Evaluasi bisa dilanjutkan dengan pencitraan otak atau organ terkait.
CT scan digunakan pada fase akut untuk mendeteksi perdarahan, sedangkan MRI/MRA memberikan delineasi anatomi nidus, hubungan dengan jaringan sekitar, dan tanda komplikasi kronis. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) tetap menjadi baku emas karena mampu memvisualisasikan secara detail arteri feeding, nidus, dan vena drainase, sekaligus menilai parameter hemodinamik yang penting untuk perencanaan terapi.[1,3,4,8]
Anamnesis
Referensi
1. Bokhari MR, Bokhari SRA. Arteriovenous Malformation of the Brain. StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430744/
3. Zyck S, Davidson CL, Sampath R. Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System. StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531479/
4. Sen S. Arteriovenous Malformations. Medscape. Nov 2021. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160167-overview#a5
7. Schimmel K, Ali MK, Tan SY, et al. Arteriovenous Malformations-Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis with Implications for Treatment. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. 22(16), 9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169037
8. Shen Y, Su L, Wang D, et al. Overview of Peripheral Arteriovenous Malformations: From Diagnosis to Treatment Methods. Journal of interventional Medicine, 2023. 6(4), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimed.2023.10.006
9. Coulie J, Seront E, Vikkula M, et al. Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformation: Towards Etiology-Based Therapeutic Management. J Clin Invest. 2025. 135(6):e172837. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI172837
23. Pohjola A, Asikainen A, Kaprio J, et al. Sudden Prehospital Deaths from Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Neurology Journal, 2025. volume 105, number 2, pp e213818. Doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000213818.
24. Ošiņa J, Jurjāns K, Kupčs K, et al. A Rare Case of Cervical Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation: A Case Report. Medicina, 2024. 60(6), 1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60061011
25. Sreepriya PP, Kumar A, Paswan SS, et al. Invasive Investigation in Cases of Visceral AVM May be Fatal: A Rare Case Report. International journal of surgery case reports, 2022. 93, 106907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.106907
26. Yu-Nong Lai, Ching Juing Yu, Jui-Yuan Chung. A Case of Right Renal Arteriovenous Malformation Mimicking the Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection in the Emergency Department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020. Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages e55-e57. DOI:10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.10.015.
27. Danyalian A, Sankari A, Hernandez F. Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation. StatPearls Publishing. 2025 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560696/
28. Bhagat S, Jinturkar A. A Rare Case: Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation and Its Management with Uterine Artery Embolization. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2025; 14:1330-3.
29. Kepertis C, Florou M, Mouravas V, et al. Surgical Management of Arteriovenous Malformation of the Penis in an Adolescent Boy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus, 2023. 15(9), e44698. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44698
30. Edris M, Alhomsi D, Harh S, et al. Scrotal Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Successfully Resected Without Angioembolization: A Case Report. International journal of surgery case reports, 2024. 115, 109303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109303
31. Boccara O, Salvan D, Laurian C, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Superficial Arteriovenous Malformations: French Healthcare Network's Recommendations. Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2025. 20(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-024-03413-5
32. Li X, Su L, Wang D, et al. Clinical and Imaging Features of Intraosseous Arteriovenous Malformations in Jaws: A 15-Year Experience of Single Centre. Scientific reports, 2020. 10(1), 12046. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68967-3
34. Mohammad A, Sahyouni W, Almeree T, et al. Angioembolization of Scrotal Arteriovenous Malformations: A Case Report and Literature Review, Case Reports in Vascular Medicine, 2020. 8373816, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8373816
35. Raman A, Uprety M, Calero MJ, et al. A Systematic Review Comparing Digital Subtraction Angiogram With Magnetic Resonance Angiogram Studies in Demonstrating the Angioarchitecture of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. Cureus, 2022. 14(6), e25803. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25803
36. Zwanzger C, López-Rueda A, Campodónico D, et al. Utilidad de la angio-TC para la caracterización de malformaciones arteriovenosas cerebrales con presentación hemorrágica comparada con la angiografía porsustracción digital. Radiología. 2020. 62:392---399. https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-radiologia-english-edition--419-pdf-S2173510720300410
37. Leclerc X, Guillaud O, Reyns N, et al. Follow-up MRI for small brain AVMs treated by radiosurgery: Is gadolinium really necessary? American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2020. 41(3), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6404
38. Giuseppe Maria Della Pepa, Rina Di Bonaventura, Kristy Latour, et al. Combined Use of Color Doppler Ultrasound and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Intraoperative Armamentarium for Arteriovenous Malformation Surgery. World Neurosurgery, 2021. Volume 147, Pages 150-156, ISSN 1878-8750, DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.076. 2020.
45. Derdeyn CP, Zipfel GJ, Albuquerque FC, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council. Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Aug;48(8):e200-e224. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000134.
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