- Pendahuluan
- Patofisiologi
- Etiologi
- Epidemiologi
- Diagnosis
- Penatalaksanaan
- Prognosis
- Edukasi dan Promosi Kesehatan
Etiologi Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Bawah (ISPB)
Etiologi infeksi saluran pernapasan bawah (ISPB) adalah virus dan bakteri. Pada penderita immunocompromised, infeksi jamur juga dapat ditemukan.
Virus
Infeksi virus yang sering ditemukan pada ISPB antara lain Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), virus influenza, virus parainfluenza, adenovirus, dan human coronavirus. [5-11]
Referensi
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5. Maraqa NF, Steele RW. Bronchiolitis. Medscape, 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961963-overview
6. Fayyaz J, Mosenifar Z. Bronchitis. Medscape, 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview
7. Mosenifar Z, Oppenheimer JJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Medscape, 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview
8. O’Donnel DE, Parker CM. Pathophysiology COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2006;61(4):354-361. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104611/
9. Ieven M, Coenen S, Loens K, Lammens C, Coenjaerts F, Vanderstraeten A, et al. Aetiology of lower respiratory tract infection in adults in primary care: a prospective study in 11 European countries. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2018;1.e1-1.e6
10. Liapikou A, Torres A. The clinical management of lower respiratory tract infections. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 2016;10(4):441-452. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/17476348.2016.1156537?scroll=top&needAccess=true
11. Baer SL, Bronze MS. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Medscape, 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview
12. Guzek A, Rybicki Z, Korzeniewski K, et al. Etiological Factors Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Isolated from Hospitalized Patients. Respiratory Infections, 2014. 37–44. doi:10.1007/5584_2014_23
13. Kandati J, Boorsu SK, Ponugoti ML, Samudrala V. Bacterial and fungal agent causing lower respiratory tract infection in patients with HIV infection. Int J Res Med, 2016. 4(8): 3595-3600.
14. Jackson S, Mathews KH, Pulanic D, Falconer R, Rudan I, Campbell H. Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children-a systematic review and meta analysis. Croat Med J. 2013;54(2):110-121. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3641871/
15. Troeger C, Blacker BF, Khalil IA, Rao PC, Cao S, Zimsen SRM, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:1191-1210. https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(18)30310-4.pdf
16. Taksande AM, Yeole M. Risk factor of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in under-fives in a rural hospital of Central India. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine. 2016;5(1):e050105
17. Azad SM, Bannerji R, Ray J, Mitra M. Assessment of modifiable risk factors of acute lower respiratory tract infection in under-five children. Indian J Child Health. 2018;5(5):376-380.
18. Godbole G, Gant V. Respiratory tract infections in the immunocompromised. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19(3):244-250.
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